EU 168/2013 regulates the approval and market surveillance of two-, three- and four-wheel light vehicles. It shares the logic of EU 2018/858, which governs categories M, N and O: the vehicle is assessed by systems and technical units, and a certificate of conformity is issued for the approved type. The technical details, however, sit in separate acts specific to these vehicles.
How category L is structured
The category has seven sub-classes: L1e light two-wheel powered vehicles, L2e three-wheel mopeds, L3e two-wheel motorcycles, L4e motorcycles with sidecars, L5e powered tricycles, L6e light quadricycles and L7e heavy quadricycles. Identifying the right sub-class also sets the requirements for the project.
Where the requirements sit
The acts that complete the framework fall under three main headings: (EU) 3/2014 for functional safety, (EU) 44/2014 for vehicle construction and general requirements, and (EU) 134/2014 for environmental and propulsion unit performance. Administrative provisions and document templates are set by (EU) 901/2014.
Key subjects for manufacturers
In braking, an anti-lock braking system (ABS) is mandatory on L3e motorcycles above 125 cm³, while smaller L3e motorcycles need ABS or a combined braking system. In environmental performance, the Euro 5 level covers evaporative emissions and durability as well as tailpipe emissions. On-board diagnostics and measures against tampering with the propulsion unit are also addressed in the file.
How the process runs
The process starts by identifying the sub-class and the applicable acts. Tests are then planned and carried out, the technical file is prepared and the application goes to the approval authority. Small series production has its own limited quantity rules, so the production plan should be discussed at the start of the project.
This article is a summary for orientation. For legal requirements, always refer to the official text in force and its amendments.
